In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a person primarily concerned with avoiding punishment?

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage where a person is primarily focused on avoiding punishment is the preconventional level. This stage typically applies to younger children who make decisions based on the direct consequences of their actions. Here, moral reasoning is driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid negative outcomes rather than an understanding of societal rules or the ideals of justice.

During the preconventional stage, individuals tend to adhere to rules in order to avoid punishment or gain rewards. This level comprises two stages itself: the first emphasizes obedience and the avoidance of punishment, while the second focuses on self-interest and the exchange of favors. Therefore, the concern for avoiding punishment directly aligns with the hallmark characteristics of preconventional moral reasoning and illustrates how behavior is motivated by the potential outcomes that affect the individual.