What characterizes the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage in toddlers?

The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage is primarily characterized by toddlers' developing sense of independence. During this stage, typically occurring between the ages of 1 and 3 years, children begin to assert their personal control and autonomy over their actions and choices. They start to explore their environment, make simple decisions, and practice self-help skills such as potty training, dressing themselves, and choosing foods.

Successful navigation of this stage leads to a healthy sense of autonomy, where the child feels confident in their abilities to handle tasks and make choices. They learn to balance their desires for independence with the need for guidance from caregivers. On the other hand, if a child feels overly restricted or faces excessive criticism, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

While gaining social skills, forming an identity, and playing cooperatively are crucial parts of development, they are more prominently featured in later stages. The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage mainly focuses on the child's self-initiative and the formation of independence, making the understanding of autonomy the central theme of this developmental stage.