Which of the following is NOT an effect of syphilis or rubella on a fetus?

The effects of syphilis and rubella on a fetus are well-documented in the fields of developmental psychology and maternal-fetal medicine. Both infections can lead to significant complications and developmental issues in the fetus.

Heart defects, developmental delays, and sensory impairments are known potential outcomes of these infections during pregnancy.

Heart defects can occur as a direct complication of congenital syphilis or rubella since these infections can disrupt normal fetal development. Developmental delays are also associated with these conditions, as they can affect brain development and functioning. Sensory impairments, such as hearing loss or vision problems, are particularly linked to congenital rubella syndrome, which can result from a mother contracting rubella during the first trimester.

However, while kidney problems can occur in a variety of contexts, they are not a commonly recognized direct effect of syphilis or rubella on fetal development. The focus tends to be on the effects that directly impact the heart, brain, and sensory organs, making kidney issues less relevant in discussions specifically regarding the consequences of these infections on a developing fetus. Thus, indicating that kidney problems are not typical effects resulting from syphilis or rubella aligns with the understanding of these infections' impacts on fetal health.