Which statement about reinforcers is NOT true?

Reinforcers are stimuli that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Understanding the nature of reinforcers involves recognizing that they do not have to be tangible; reinforcing effects can come from various sources, both material and non-material.

For example, positive reinforcers like praise or social approval are powerful motivators that are not tangible. They serve to encourage behavior just as effectively as tangible items such as money or treats. This highlights the flexibility of what constitutes a reinforcer, emphasizing that the core principle is their effect on behavior, not their physical form.

The other statements regarding reinforcers are accurate. They can indeed be either positive, promoting desirable behavior, or negative, where the removal of an unpleasant stimulus increases the likelihood of a behavior. Reinforcers are meant to increase behavior frequency, and they can be categorized into social reinforcers, such as attention or affection, and material reinforcers, like food or tokens. This understanding encompasses a broad range of stimuli that can reinforce behaviors and emphasizes the critical role of context in behavioral psychology.