Who is credited with developing the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence?

The concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence were developed by Raymond Cattell. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and solve new problems independently of any knowledge from the past, while crystallized intelligence involves the ability to use knowledge that was previously acquired through experience or education. Cattell proposed that these two types of intelligence operate differently and are influenced by different factors, such as age and cultural background.

In contrast, Howard Gardner is known for his theory of multiple intelligences, which outlines various ways people can demonstrate intellectual capabilities beyond traditional notions of IQ. Jean Piaget focused on cognitive development during childhood, exploring how children understand and interact with the world as they grow, which is unrelated to the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Albert Bandura is famous for his work on social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior, which also does not relate to the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence. Thus, understanding who pioneered these specific theories helps in grasping the broader landscape of cognitive psychology.